Responsibility in Art

Art is often seen as shocking, provocative and confrontational.  It is the one place where we are free to push the boundaries and explore taboos; to criticise and comment on society in a way that other mediums might not afford us.  For many people, just to evoke a reaction - positive or otherwise - is the purpose of art.  However, especially when we are young, some of us may not think our art through thoroughly, responding very much on impulse to that spark of creativity, or that cool idea that just won’t leave us alone.  We certainly might not think as deeply as a more mature artist with wider worldly experience, especially if we have been out of the safe environment of an educational establishment for a while.  Due to this, we might make rash bold statements.  It is this naivete that makes us brave, which is why so much revolutionary art is made by young people.^[1]  But should we provoke just for the sake of doing so?  Do we have a responsibility to be more careful and considerate in our art?  In other words, should ethical considerations come into play?  (It’s certainly championed by The University of the Arts London.^[2])  Are there any areas that are still taboo which we should steer clear of?  For example, can we use the swastika in art?

Graphic designer and teacher at the New York School of Visual Arts, Stephen Heller, author of the Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption, calls the swastika ‘the most complex symbol of any civilisation’.^[3]  However, due to its association with the Nazis, for most people, it is considered what Lindsey Turnbull calls, a ‘metonym for hatred’.^[4]  Hitler’s misuse has narrowed our focus.  Just mentioning the word swastika or looking at the image evokes revulsion.  We culturally recoil from it.  But that wasn’t always the case.  ‘For centuries the swastika was not used for harm [giving it] a positive pedigree.’^[5]

The cultural and historical usages of the swastika are too extensive to summarise here, but I’ll touch upon some.  It ‘can be found around the whole globe, in one form or the other’^[6] and can be ‘”found on all kinds of objects.  It was used as a religious emblem in India and China at least ten centuries before the Christian era, and is met on Buddhist coins and inscriptions from various parts of India” (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910)’^[7].  They are also found in ‘Celtic stone carvings, Nordic ornamentation, Greek and Roman mosaics, Native American blankets, Mayan ruins, and Jain temples.’^[8]  It has been used by the Native Americans since ‘time immemorial’.^[9]  The symbol was probably the ‘first ideogram to be made with a definite intention and a consecutive meaning’.^[10]

The word swastika ‘gets its name from the Sanskrit word svastika, meaning “well being, good fortune, and luck”’^[11].  It is ‘derived from the Sanskrit word svasti (sv = well; asti = is)’^[12].  ‘”Ka” intensifies the verbal meaning and therefore, Swastika is literally translated as “that which is associated with well-being.’^[13]  (The Vedic hymns in Indian culture have ‘repeatedly used “swasti” to denote blessing, benediction, success, fortune and the like.  Stability or completeness is the very essence of Swastika.’^[14]) The left-hand variety is called a ‘Suavastika’ usually representing the ‘goddess Kali, night and magic’.^[15]  In England and Scotland the swastika is known as ‘fylfot (as in “many feet”).^[16]  The oldest fylfot to date has been found ‘in the Balkan region, which is modern day Ukraine.’^[17]  In Germany it is called a ‘Hakenkreuz [German for hooked cross]’.^[18]

Although the Swastika ‘has mainly been used to denote good luck and prosperity, it has different meanings in different regions.  The associated meanings of this symbol include the sun, progress, revolution, cardinal directions, wealth, and power.’^[19]  H. J. D. Astley wrote in The Swastika: A Study, in 1925, that ‘in the first instance probably the swastika may have represented the course of the sun in the heavens revolving normally from left to right’.^[20]  It also ‘symbolised light or the god of light, forked lightning, rain, and water.’^[21]  Being considered a ‘symbol of auspiciousness was always one of its derivative expressions.^[22]  This is usually when ‘dots are added between each arm’.^[23]  Also, representing ‘purity of soul, truth, and stability or, alternatively, [or, as previously mentioned] Surya – the sun.  Its rotation in four directions has been used to represent many ideas, but primarily describes the four directions, the four Vedas and their harmonious whole.’^[24]  It also has ‘great significance in yoga as well’.^[25]  For Buddhists the ‘Swastika is referred to as “The Seal on Buddha’s Heart”.  In Japanese and Chinese Buddha images, a swastika often appears on the chest of Gautama Buddha.’^[26]  The swastika also ‘appears in the footprints of Buddha, engraved upon the solid rock of the mountains of India.’^[27] 

Perhaps most surprisingly for some, and possibly the most controversial, is that it existed in Jewish culture, too.  Specifically in ‘ancient synagogues – Sussiya in North Africa, Eshtamoa and Ein Gedi in Palestine – feature[ing] decorative swastika mosaics from the mid-sixth century A.D.’^[28]  Heinrich Schliemann, the discoverer of the first Swastikas in now Troy^[29], claimed ‘that as described in Ezekiel 9:4, the swastika was similar to the ancient Hebrew letter tau, the sign of life, which was ritualistically written on the forehead of its believers (the reason given for why cult killer Charles Manson had a swastika carved into his forehead.)’^[30]

Historically, ‘Swastika is one of the oldest symbols made by humans and dates back to some 6,000 years in rock and cave paintings.’^[31] In its ‘[…] 6,000 year history.  The plus-sign symbol with four hooked arms pointing either clockwise or counterclockwise appeared in Asian, African, and North and South American cultures millennia before Adolf Hitler and the Nazis made the clockwise version of its emblem.’^[32]  Its usage in India ‘dates back to Vedic period, i.e. 3000 – 2500 BC.’^[33]  Some believe it to be ‘the oldest Aryan symbol and has been established as a Jain icon typifying animal, human, and celestial life.  It represents Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva – Creator, Preserver, Destroyer.’^[34]   The Aryan’s considered by some to be

'[…] a light-skinned “barbarian” people, according to one theory preferred by later Nazi ideologues, [who] migrated from the north to points into India and Persia and west towards Greece and Rome, bringing the swastika with them, and so are today considered seminal to the dispersion of the symbol in Asia Minor and from there ultimately to China and Japan.  However, some alternative theories suggest that Aryans migrated northward, while others say that the Aryans did not exist at all.^[35]'

To the Latins ‘it stood for Jupiter Tonans and Pluvius’.^[36]  For the Scandinavians it was ‘Thor’.^[37]  It is also said ‘to have a relationship to the Lotus sign of Egypt and Persia.  It appears on the Necropolis of Koban in the Caucasus.  It has a phallic meaning and has been recognised as representing the generative principle of mankind, making it the symbol of the female.  Its appearance on monuments to the goddesses Artemis, Hera, Demeter, Astarte, and the Chaldean Nana gives it credence as a sign of fertility.’^[38]

There is even a place in Ontario called Swastika.^[39]  Named after the Swastika Gold Mine, which received its name when a prospector found gold after seeing a girl wearing a swastika necklace, in 1907.^[40]  They had to campaign against the Canadian government attempting to change the name to Winston, in honour of Winston Churchill, during WWII.^[41]

You might also be surprised that the swastika had other common usages in Western culture in modern times, pre-Nazi appropriation:

‘[…] it was sold as an interlocking border design for advertisements, made available through most prewar hot-metal typeface catalogs [sic] for use on posters, calling cards, handbills, and book jackets.  Author Rudyard Kipling combined a swastika with his signature in a circle as a personal logo on many early editions of his books, and also gave the name “Swastika” to editor Edward Bok’s stately residence in Merion, Pennsylvania.  However, in 1933, a few months after Hitler’s rise to power, he ordered that the swastika not appear on his next book.’^[42]

Even big brands like Coca-Cola were partial to the swastika, who ‘issued a swastika good luck pendant during the teens [of the twentieth century].’^[43]  (However, they also used to put cocaine in their drink.)^[44]  It was used by a Californian biscuit company, too, and by ‘the United States Playing Card Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, [who] registered it in 1921 as a trademark for “Fortune” playing cards.’^[45]  Notably, it was also used by renowned artists.  It was used ‘as a symbol of the sun, suggesting rebirth […] extolled by Artist Paul Klee and included in the very first logo of the Bauhaus, the state design school where he was a master instructor.’^[46]

In the ensuing years, the appropriation of the swastika by the Nazis made the symbol synonymous with hate.  Albeit stylised differently for their own agenda: ‘the main difference between the Nazi swastika and the ancient auspicious symbol of various religious cultures, is that the Nazi swastika is at a slant.’^[47] It was a misinterpretation of Aryanism that ‘provided the cornerstone for Nazi theories of racial superiority’^[48] and hence the adoption of the symbol.  This happened during ‘the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, German racist mystics and occultists adopted the swastika as their sacred icon of racial purity and invented a heritage and lore to support it.’^[49]  In a sense, the Nazis alone did not choose the symbol, ‘it was chosen for them by pseudoscientists, folklorists, and occultists.’^[50] 

Hitler certainly wasn’t the first to use this in this context.  It was ‘the Ehrhardt Brigade, which in 1919 participated in the liberation of Munich from the Communists and wore the Hakenkreuz […] on their steel helmets, marking the first time the swastika was associated with a military force in opposition to the Weimar Republic.’^[51]  Both the links to Aryanism, and the symbols aesthetic appeal, as a ‘wannabe architect, painter, and dabbler in commercial art’^[52], drew Hitler to the swastika.  ‘As leader of his movement, he chose to be its art director and image manipulator.’^[53]  He wrote in Mein Kampf:

‘”As National Socialists, we see our program in our flag.  In red we see the social idea of the movement; in white, the nationalistic idea; in the Swastika, the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man, and, by the same token, the victory of the idea of creative work.”’^[54]

We all know, or should know, the atrocities that ensued under the Nazi regime, and the banner of the swastika: six million Jewish people, and other victims, were systematically executed during the holocaust.^[55]  Historically, it is arguably our darkest hour in modern times and was considered to be, by British-Polish sociologist and philosopher Zygmunt Bauman, the end point of Modernism^[56].

So, can we use the Swastika in any context today, let alone art?  We do still see the swastika in some contexts.  Writing 25 years ago, Heller highlights that ‘today, the most common sanctioned mainstream use of the mark is on jackets for fiction and non-fiction books with World War II themes.’^[57]  I would add to this, historical films and revisionist sci-fi, like Quentin Tarantino’s Inglorious Basterds and the TV series of Phillip K Dicks The Man in the High Castle, respectively,^[58] amongst copious others.  In Germany, ‘a constitutional law prohibits the public display of the swastika and other Nazi symbols of any kind, punishable by harsh penalties.’^[59]  Most Germans are sensitive to the mere hint of fascism ‘and the constitutional law outlawing the swastika is but one instrument in the constant vigil.’^[60] 

Relatively recent misappropriations include, in Hungary, in the early 1990s, a band called ‘Cigany Puszitito Gardaa (Gypsy Destroyers Guard Regiment) [who] openly display[ed] Hungary’s fascist emblem from World War II.’^[61]  In 1993, ‘armed members of the South African Afrikaner Resistance Movement (AWB), wearing a swastika-inspired emblem composed of three 7s in a circle surrounded by a red field, stormed their way into the Johannesburg World Trade Center, where negotiations concerning the end of white-dominated rule were in progress.’^[62] 

But it wasn’t just hate groups that adopted it:

'During the 1960s California surf culture adopted Nazi symbolism as means of displaying antiestablishment rebellion.  Ironically, the symbol was first used in this context in advertisements for the 1930s Swastika Surfboard Company (“Ride the Swastika”), yet thirty years later the term “surf nazi” was popularized to describe this apolitical subculture which wore German military apparel and swastika medals.'^[63]

It has also been used on skateboards, amongst other things.^[64]  Other uses in popular culture in recent memory include the title of the Primal Scream song Swastika Eyes and in the lyrics of David Bowie’s China Girl.  Admittedly in a critical sense in the former, as an attack on corporations and governments^[65].  Somewhat more ambiguously in the latter.^[66]

Heller goes on to warn about the use of countercultural, and recontextualised swastikas in a fashion context - attempts to make the swastika fun - by citing antisemitism scholar Robert Wistrich, calling it ‘the politics of forgetting’.^[67]  In other words, to extrapolate further, that we have a duty to remember and honour the victims of the holocaust and any attempts to trivialise the symbol and, vis a vis, their suffering is to insult and mock them.  Not to mention, the resurrection of cultural trauma that such a resurgence of such a loaded symbol would have.

However, there have been some positive uses of the swastika in recent years, and a movement to redeem the symbol.  Christian reporter, Kimberly Winston, notes ‘some once-hated symbols have been successfully rehabilitated.  The LGBT community adopted the pink triangle given to “sexual deviants” in the Nazi concentration camps and made it a rallying point for gay pride.  The Christian cross was once an image of terror, used by the Romans to threaten a torturous execution.’^[68]  For example, in the play Ganesh Versus the Third Reich by Australian theatrical group Back to Back, which ‘features an ensemble cast with physical and learning disabilities [and concerns] Lord Ganesha travelling to Hitler’s Germany to reclaim the Hindu symbol from the Nazis.’^[69]  Heller, quaintly now, mentions the internet and a particular website dedicated to swastika positivity:

'The Friends of the Swastika […] a grassroots organization founded by the artist known as Man Woman, who maintains a site on the World Wide Web that is designed to end “swastika-phobia” and displays examples of the non-Nazi iterations from the past and present (including the work of contemporary “primitive” body piercers and tattoo artists).  His “vision statement” affirms that “This Web site has no connections to any racist propaganda.”'^[70]

The Canadian artist went on to write Gentle Swastika: Reclaiming the Innocence, in 2001^[71].  He claims it was ‘in a vision [that a] spirit commanded that he reclaim the swastika “so that it would strike love into all the hearts that beheld it.”’^[72]  In 2013, ‘American designer Sinjun Wesson produced clothing with a “swasi” as part of his Spiritual Punx line.’^[73]  The designer espoused that ‘”if the hate is taken away from the symbol by energizing its positive side then we take away power from the people who want to use it in a hateful way”’.  He told American magazine The Atlantic, in 2014, “if we don’t do anything and just leave it as negative, then we still let hate win.”^[74] 

Commenting on three separate appearances of swastika graffiti in the US in 2017, Heller commented. “I think what we were seeing [...] is the symbol is proving itself to be irredeemable this close to the Holocaust,” […] “Even though the Holocaust survivors are almost gone, it is still in our literature, in our plays and the like.”^[75]  He added two years later, after initially having a more relaxed attitude in Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption, that ‘”[i]t should be banned in the West as a symbol of hate.  Now, I realise that is hard to enforce and that it goes counter to my liberal notions of free speech.  But it is indeed a criminal emblem for white supremacists and ultraright populists.  The war of symbols is not going to be won by ‘neutralising’ it.”’^[76]  However, not everyone agrees with Heller: ‘”Just because Hitler misused the symbol, abused it to propagate a reign of terror and racism and discrimination, it does not mean that its peaceful use should be banned.” Said Ramesh Kallidai of the Hindu Forum of Britain. (Reuters, January 17, 2007).’^[77]  Admittedly, ten years earlier.

As is evident, it’s a contested area, which leads me back to my original question: can the swastika be used in an artistic context?  I would suggest proceeding with (extreme) caution if you’re thinking of adopting it.  It certainly would be very naïve not to do your research, and I highly recommend you do.  At the very least, I would bear in mind the context with which you are using it.  I definitely would strongly advise against using it in a military sense, even if you are using it to recontextualise or mock, or reappropriating for different means.  Any ambiguity could easily be misconstrued, especially if your criticism isn’t precisely and accurately targeted.  As is illustrated in this essay to some extent, the symbol has such a multiplicity of meanings it might be uncertain which ones you are eliciting.  Maybe, as touched upon previously, it’s just too loaded a symbol, certainly for certain communities that suffered and continue to suffer following the Nazi regime.  (And that goes for related paraphernalia, such as the dual lightning strike of the SS.)  You certainly would be foolish not to consider these negative connotations prior to appropriating.  Perhaps, in this current climate of far-right resurgence, due to the likes of Nigel Farage, Donald Trump, Tommy Robinson and the likes, it is best not to be associated with such a symbol, for fear of being misconstrued and included in their ranks.  You certainly would not wish for it to be an impetus for recruitment.  If you enjoy, or hope to enjoy, any level of success you should very much consider the media’s current mentality of Cancel Culture.  Just look at the repercussions Prince Harry endured for wearing a Nazi costume, and we don’t all have the luxury of being royalty.^[78]  Too many organisations would sooner cast you off than be associated with antisemitism.  However, if you are resolute you are going to use the swastika, possibly because you are of the rehabilitation mindset, as the likes of Man Woman etc, or perhaps because you are of a spiritual persuasion and are going to use it in the ancient context, please be sensitive to the cultures from whom you are borrowing, and use it with reverence and (positive) intention.  Cultural appropriation can be troublesome at the best of times.  Certainly, whatever you do, don’t just do it because you think it’s cool.  That would be poor judgement, or should I say, a lack of it.

Bibliography

Books

Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? Allworth Press, NY.

Articles

Bharule, S. (no date) “Exploring the pattern and ideogram of A universal principle of sustainability : SWASTIKA ; SandHI: The Science & Heritage Initiative by Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.  Available at: https://www.academia.edu/29554366/Exploring_the_pattern_and_ideogram_of_A_universal_principle_of_sustainability_SWASTIKA_SandHI_The_Science_and_Heritage_Initiative_by_Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kharagpur_India (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

Chakrabarti, S. (2013) ‘The Ancient symbol of Swastika, its distortion, uses and misuses’ 25^th International Congress of Vexillology, 4-10 August.  Available at: https://www.fiav.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ICV2510-Sekhar-Chakrabarti-The-Ancient-symbols-of-Swastika-its-distortion-uses-and-misuses.pdf (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

Cookney, D. (2019) ‘The Swastika and Symbols of Hate: Extremist Iconography Today Review’, Creative Review, Unknown.  Available at: https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=30e660ad71371423883a2e1af864bb25202601a3660d51f38f403bc9526d9b63JmltdHM9MTc4NTM2OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=2b27fd22-ace7-6ad5-06df-ebe4ad5c6bd4&psq=steven+heller+the+swastika+and+ymbols+of+hate%3a+extremist+iconography+today+creative+review+daniel+cookney&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zYWxmb3JkLXJlcG9zaXRvcnkud29ya3RyaWJlLmNvbS9PdXRwdXRGaWxlLzE0ODkxNTI (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

Postone, M. (1992) ‘Modernity and the Holocaust by Zygmunt Bauman’. American Journal of Sociology, vol. 97, no. 5, 1992, pp. 1521–23. JSTOR.  Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2781448 (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

Turnbull, L. (2010) ‘The evolution of the swastika : from symbol of peace to tool of hate’ HIM 1990-2015. 954.  Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015/954 (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

Winston, K. (2017) ‘Can the swastika ever be redeemed?’  Religion News Service, 9^th February.  Available at: https://religionnews.com/2017/02/09/can-the-swastika-ever-be-redeemed/ (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

Weblinks

Basham, D. (2000) MTV Primal Scream Talks Controversial “Eyes” Track.  Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20160331202624/http:/www.mtv.com/news/1433292/primal-scream-talks-controversial-eyes-track/ (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

Canadian History Ehx (2023) The Story of Swastika, Ontario.  Available at: https://canadaehx.substack.com/p/the-story-of-swastika-ontario (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

Chmielewski, K. (2024) Encyclopedia Britannica The Holocaust: Facts and Figures.  Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Holocaust-Facts-and-Figures (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

Garcia, A. (2026) Go2tutors, 17 Young Artists Who Shook the Art World.  Available at:  https://go2tutors.com/17-young-artists-who-shook-the-art-world/ (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

Genius (2026) China Girl Lyrics.  Available at: https://genius.com/David-bowie-china-girl-lyrics (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

Lee, E. (Unknown) USA Today News, Fact check: Cocaine in Coke? Soda once contained drug but likely much less than post claims.  Available at: https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/07/25/fact-check-coke-once-contained-cocaine-but-likely-less-than-claimed/8008325002/ (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

Man Woman (Unknown) Friends of the Swastika, Booknews.  Available at: https://manwoman.net/swastika/booknews/ (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

Man Woman (unknown) Friends of the Swastika, Swastika Declaration of Independence. Available at: https://manwoman.net/swastika/fots3/ (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

Nicoloau, E. (2023) Today, ‘The Crown' re-creates Prince Harry's Nazi costume party scandal. What happened, and what has he said about it? Available at: https://www.today.com/popculture/prince-harry-nazi-costume-controversy-rcna129075 (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

UAL (2026) Statement of Purpose - Level 3 Diploma in Creative Practice: Art, Design and Communication.  Available at: https://www.arts.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/191915/Creative-Practice-L3-Diploma-Statement-of-Purpose.pdf (Accessed: 30/07/2026)

[1] Garcia, A. (2026) Go2tutors, 17 Young Artists Who Shook the Art World.

[2]UAL (2026) Statement of Purpose - Level 3 Diploma in Creative Practice: Art, Design and Communication), p2

[3] Winston, K. (2017) ‘Can the swastika ever be redeemed?’, p1

[4] Turnbull, L. (2010) ‘The evolution of the swastika: from symbol of peace to tool of hate’ p unknown

[5] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? p10

[6] Bharule, S. (no date) “Exploring the pattern and ideogram of A universal principle of sustainability: SWASTIKA’, p66

[7] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? p18

[8] Winston, K. (2017) ‘Can the swastika ever be redeemed?’, p2

[9] Chakrabarti, S. (2013) ‘The Ancient symbol of Swastika, its distortion, uses and misuses’, p4

[10] Bharule, S. (no date) “Exploring the pattern and ideogram of A universal principle of sustainability: SWASTIKA’ p10

[11] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? Allworth Press, NY, p20 

[12] Chakrabarti, S. (2013) ‘The Ancient symbol of Swastika, its distortion, uses and misuses,’ p1

[13] Bharule, S. (no date) “Exploring the pattern and ideogram of A universal principle of sustainability: SWASTIKA’ p91

[14] Ibid. p14

[15] Chakrabarti, S. (2013) ‘The Ancient symbol of Swastika, its distortion, uses and misuses’, p3

[16] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? p8

[17] Bharule, S. (no date) “Exploring the pattern and ideogram of A universal principle of sustainability: SWASTIKA’, p29

[18] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? p59

[19] Bharule, S. (no date) “Exploring the pattern and ideogram of A universal principle of sustainability: SWASTIKA’, p153

[20] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? p6

[21] Bharule, S. (no date) “Exploring the pattern and ideogram of A universal principle of sustainability: SWASTIKA’, p 153

[22] Ibid. p24

[23] Chakrabarti, S. (2013) ‘The Ancient symbol of Swastika, its distortion, uses and misuses’, p1

[24] Ibid.

[25] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? p92

[26] Chakrabarti, S. (2013) ‘The Ancient symbol of Swastika, its distortion, uses and misuses,’ p2

[27] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? p59

[28] Ibid. p37

[29] Turnbull, L. (2010) ‘The evolution of the swastika: from symbol of peace to tool of hate’ p16

[30] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? p7

[31] Bharule, S. (no date) “Exploring the pattern and ideogram of A universal principle of sustainability: SWASTIKA’, p p91

[32] Winston, K. (2017) ‘Can the swastika ever be redeemed?’, p1

[33] Chakrabarti, S. (2013) ‘The Ancient symbol of Swastika, its distortion, uses and misuses’, p1

[34] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? p6

[35] Ibid. p27

[36] Ibid. p6

[37] Ibid.

[38] Ibid.

[39] Man Woman (unknown) Friends of the Swastika, Swastika Declaration of Independence

[40] Canadian History Ehx (2023) The Story of Swastika, Ontario. 

[41] Ibid.

[42] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? p82

[43] Ibid.

[44] Lee, E. (Unknown) USA Today News, Fact check: Cocaine in Coke? Soda once contained drug but likely much less than post claims. 

[45] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? p82

[46] Ibid. p86

[47] Chakrabarti, S. (2013) ‘The Ancient symbol of Swastika, its distortion, uses and misuses’, p5

[48] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? p27

[49] Ibid. p38

[50] Ibid. p41

[51] Ibid. p59

[52] Ibid. p60

[53] Ibid.

[54] Chakrabarti, S. (2013) ‘The Ancient symbol of Swastika, its distortion, uses and misuses’, p5

[55] Chmielewski, K. (2024) Encyclopedia Britannica The Holocaust: Facts and Figures.

[56]Postone, M. (1992) ‘Modernity and the Holocaust by Zygmunt Bauman’. pp. 1521–23

[57] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption, p100

[58] Winston, K. (2017) ‘Can the swastika ever be redeemed?’, p2

[59] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption, p117

[60] Ibid. p117

[61] Ibid. p120

[62] Ibid. P123

[63] Ibid. p133

[64] Ibid. p131

[65] Basham, D. (2000) MTV Primal Scream Talks Controversial “Eyes” Track. 

[66] Genius (2026) China Girl Lyrics.

[67] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption, p134

[68] Winston, K. (2017) ‘Can the swastika ever be redeemed?’, p3

[69] Chakrabarti, S. (2013) ‘The Ancient symbol of Swastika, its distortion, uses and misuses’, p6

[70] Heller, S. (2000) The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption, p150

[71] Man Woman (Unknown) Friends of the Swastika, Booknews.

[72] Winston, K. (2017) ‘Can the swastika ever be redeemed?’, p3

[73] Ibid.

[74] Ibid., p1

[75] Ibid.

[76] Cookney, D. (2019) ‘The Swastika and Symbols of Hate: Extremist Iconography Today Review’ p Unknown

[77] Chakrabarti, S. (2013) ‘The Ancient symbol of Swastika, its distortion, uses and misuses’, p7

[78]Nicoloau, E. (2023) 'The Crown' re-creates Prince Harry's Nazi costume party scandal. What happened, and what has he said about it?